Chicago ? More than 25 years ago, a visiting small-town judge stashed a tape recorder in his cowboy boot and came away with shocking evidence of bribe-taking and bagmen in Chicago’s courts.

Former Judge Brocton Lockwood was part of an unprecedented FBI sting operation in the Cook County courts called “Operation Greylord” that uncovered judges, lawyers and clerks taking cash, fixing cases and engaging in other brazen judicial corruption.

The case is a stark example of the corruption that has become a cottage industry in Illinois and contributed to its long history of scoundrels and scandals. Last week, there was an addition to the list: Gov. Rod Blagojevich’s arrest on charges that he schemed to auction off President-elect Barack Obama’s open Senate seat.

So when the governor was escorted by federal agents from his home in handcuffs, it seemed painfully familiar to Lockwood.

“I thought nothing has changed,” the retired judge said. “I’m embarrassed for the state. I’m disappointed for the nation because this is going to divert attention from Obama’s efforts to deal with bigger issues than Blagojevich. … It just makes politics a sleazy business.”

Lockwood’s puzzlement was echoed by people around the nation as the Blagojevich scandal unfolded: What is it about Illinois that seems to breed political corruption, and why hasn’t anyone been able to do anything about it?

Corruption and graft have become so entrenched over the decades that they’ve become part of the political culture, and experts cite a list of reasons why: Weak state campaign finance laws that have allowed influence peddlers to make big contributions. Lawmakers who don’t always get close scrutiny. A patronage system that makes employees beholden to political bosses. And a jaded public that seems to accept chicanery as the cost of doing business.

“The rest of the country kind of grew up and got past the corrupt legislators and urban Machines,” said Kent Redfield, a University of Illinois-Springfield political science professor. “The reform-good government movement never got traction in Illinois.”

“In some ways, Illinois kind of reminds you of Third World countries where everyone knows to get things done you have to bribe someone every step of the way,” he added.

The state’s history of rogues and crooks ranges from a long-ago secretary of state who died leaving hundreds of thousands of dollars mysteriously stashed in shoeboxes in his hotel closet to a judge who took money to fix murder cases. Former governors, congressmen, aldermen, and state and city workers have all gone to prison.

“If it isn’t the most corrupt state in the United States, it’s certainly one hell of a competitor,” Chicago FBI chief Robert D. Grant said when the charges were announced against Blagojevich.

More than 130 public officials in New Jersey have been found guilty of federal corruption in the past seven years. And Louisiana more than holds its own. A congressman once described the state this way: “Half of Louisiana is under water, and the other half is under indictment.”

Nationwide, more than 1,800 federal, state and local officials have been convicted of public corruption in the last two years, according to FBI statistics released this spring.