Instructor Richard Hislop gives shotgun instruction to an aspiring young hunter at a conservation camp run by the Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department. The state offers several programs aimed at attracting young hunters, similar to efforts in other states trying to stem a nationwide decline in the number of hunters.

This September 2005 photo, provided by New Mexico Gov. Bill Richardson's office, shows Richardson and an oryx he shot during a hunt on the Armedaris Ranch in southern New Mexico. Even at a time when the ranks of U.S. hunters are dwindling, Richardson, a Democrat, and other presidential candidates of both parties routinely court hunters' votes.

Hunters remain a powerful force in American society, as evidenced by the presidential candidates who routinely pay them homage, but their ranks are shrinking dramatically and wildlife agencies worry increasingly about the loss of sorely needed license-fee revenue.

New figures from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service show that the number of hunters 16 and older declined by 10 percent between 1996 and 2006 – from 14 million to about 12.5 million. The drop was most acute in New England, the Rocky Mountains, and the Pacific states, which lost 400,000 hunters in that span.

The primary reasons, experts say, are the loss of hunting land to urbanization plus a perception by many families that they can’t afford the time or costs that hunting entails.

“To recruit new hunters, it takes hunting families,” said Gregg Patterson of Ducks Unlimited. “I was introduced to it by my father, he was introduced to it by his father. When you have boys and girls without a hunter in the household, it’s tough to give them the experience.”

Some animal-welfare activists welcome the trend, noting that it coincides with a 13 percent increase in wildlife watching since 1996. But hunters and state wildlife agencies, as they prepare for the fall hunting season, say the drop is worrisome.

“It’s hunters who are the most willing to give their own dollar for wildlife conservation,” Patterson said.

Compounding the problem, the number of Americans who fish also has dropped sharply – down 15 percent, from 35.2 million in 1996 to 30 million in 2006, according to the latest version of a national survey that the Fish and Wildlife Service conducts every five years.

Of the 50 state wildlife agencies, most rely on hunting and fishing license fees for the bulk of their revenue, and only a handful receive significant infusions from their state’s general fund.

“They’re trying to take care of all wildlife and all habitats on a shoestring budget,” said Rachel Brittin of the Washington-based Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies.

As their ranks dwindle, hunters are far from unified. The often big-spending, wide-traveling trophy hunters of Safari Club International, for example, have different priorities from duck hunters frequenting close-to-home wetlands.

One rift involves hunters disenchanted with the National Rifle Association, which runs major hunting programs and lobbies vigorously against gun control. A Maryland hunter, Ray Schoenke, has formed a new group, the American Hunters and Shooters Association, primarily as a home for hunters who would support some restrictions on gun and ammunition sales.

“The NRA’s extreme positions have hurt the hunting movement,” Schoenke said. “Soccer moms now believe hunters have made things more dangerous.”

Political support for hunting remains strong, though, with several states recently enshrining the right to hunt and fish in their constitutions.

Last month, President Bush ordered all federal agencies that manage public lands to look for more room for hunting. In the 2004 presidential campaign, both Bush and Democratic rival John Kerry courted hunters’ and gun owners’ votes. A camouflage-jacketed Kerry even toted a shotgun during a goose hunt.

Among the 2008 candidates, Democrat Bill Richardson aired a TV ad showing him hunting, while Republican Mitt Romney was derided for calling himself a lifelong hunter even though he never had state hunting licenses.

Public support for hunting also is high, in part because huge deer populations have become a nuisance in many areas.

National hunting expert Mark Damian Duda, executive director of Virginia-based research firm Responsive Management, has done surveys indicating that less than 25 percent of Americans oppose hunting, although groups such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals denounce it as cruel.