MONTEREY, CALIF. ? Flying over California’s rugged Central Coast, Mike Sutton pointed to kelp forests and rocky reefs just below the water’s surface that will soon be off-limits to fishing under one of the nation’s most ambitious plans to protect marine life.

“We’re trying to make sure our oceans are protected as our land,” said Sutton, a marine expert at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.

Despite intense opposition from many fishermen, California wildlife regulators are creating the nation’s most extensive network of “marine protected areas” – stretches of ocean where fishing will be banned or severely restricted.

The first chain of refuges, covering some 200 square miles and stretching from Santa Barbara to Half Moon Bay, just south of San Francisco, is due to take effect early next year. The state plans similar protected zones along the more intensely fished coasts of northern and southern California.

Conservationists say such networks are a new approach to saving the oceans from overfishing. They believe California’s plan could serve as a model for other states and countries.

“It’s the beginning of a historic shift in how we restore, protect and manage our oceans,” said Warner Chabot, vice president of the Ocean Conservancy. “We’re doing something that’s as historic for the oceans as what Teddy Roosevelt did 100 years ago when he created national parks and forests.”

However, the planned restricted areas overlap with some of California’s most productive fishing grounds, and commercial and recreational fishermen question whether they’re even necessary given the existing array of state and federal regulations.

“We’re duplicating conservation efforts unnecessarily,” said Vern Goehring, manager of the California Fisheries Coalition. “There are significant actions already under way to prevent overfishing in California.”

Fishermen say the no-fishing zones will put more pressure on areas outside the reserves and could lead to increased seafood imports from countries with fewer marine protections.

At Monterey’s Fisherman’s Wharf, longtime trollers and crabbers say the new restrictions will cripple their industry, hurt fishing communities and leave Californians with less fresh, local seafood.

“We’re being regulated out of business,” said Mike Rivets, a 70-year-old fisherman for salmon, crab and tuna.

But scientists say more must be done to protect marine life.

A report in this month’s issue of the journal Science warns that nearly a third of the world’s seafood species have collapsed – meaning their catch has declined by 90 percent or more – and all populations of fished species could collapse by 2048 if current fishing and pollution trends continue.

“We’ve mismanaged the oceans from abundance into scarcity,” said Karen Garrison, an ocean expert at the Natural Resources Defense Council. “We can’t protect our oceans without setting aside safe havens where fish can grow big and the whole food web can thrive.”