Baghdad ? About 30 percent have been exposed to shootings or bombings. Others have witnessed killings or mutilated bodies. Nearly 10 percent had a family member kidnapped or had been abducted, captured or imprisoned themselves.

The trauma experienced by respondents of Iraq’s first nationwide mental health survey, released Saturday, was a grim litany of the violence that pushed the country to the brink of civil war.

The study, conducted by the World Health Organization and the Iraqi government, found that Iraqis have suffered from a surprisingly low rate of severe mental disorders such as PTSD, which officials said indicated resilience in the face of decades of war and hardship.

The findings showed that nearly 17 percent of a random sample of 4,332 Iraqis over the age of 18 surveyed had suffered from a mental disorder in their lifetime, ranging from post-traumatic stress disorder to depression.

Women showed a higher rate of severe depression and phobias, such as a fear of leaving the house, than men.