New York ? William Styron, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of “The Confessions of Nat Turner” and other novels whose explorations of the darkest corners of the human mind and experience were charged by his own near-suicidal demons, died Wednesday. He was 81.

Styron’s daughter, Alexandra, said the author died of pneumonia at a hospital in Martha’s Vineyard, Mass. Styron, who had homes in Martha’s Vineyard and Connecticut, had been in failing health for a long time.

“This is terrible,” said Kurt Vonnegut, a longtime friend. “He was dramatic, he was fun. He was strong and proud and he was awfully good with the language. I hated to see him end this way.”

A handsome, muscular man, with a strong chin and wavy dark hair that turned an elegant white, Styron was a Virginia native whose obsessions with race, class and personal guilt led to such tormented narratives as “Lie Down In Darkness” and “The Confessions of Nat Turner,” which won the Pulitzer despite protests that the book was racist and inaccurate.

His other works included “Sophie’s Choice,” the award-winning novel about a Holocaust survivor from Poland, and “A Tidewater Morning,” a collection of fiction pieces. He also published a book of essays, “This Quiet Dust,” and the best-selling memoir “Darkness Visible,” in which Styron recalled nearly taking his own life.

Styron was a liberal long involved in public causes, from supporting a Connecticut teacher suspended for refusing to say the Pledge of Allegiance to advocating for human rights for Jews in the Soviet Union. In the 1990s, Styron was among a group of authors and historians who successfully opposed plans for a Disney theme park near the Manassas National Battlefield in northern Virginia.

Styron was reportedly working on a military novel, yet published no full-length work of fiction after “Sophie’s Choice,” which came out in 1979. He did remain well connected, whether socializing with President Clinton on Martha’s Vineyard or joining Arthur Miller and Gabriel Garcia Marquez on a delegation that met with Cuban leader Fidel Castro in 2000.

Southern roots

The son of a shipbuilder, William C. Styron Jr. was born in Newport News, Va., to a family whose history extends to colonial Virginia. He was awed by the torrential fiction of fellow Southerner Thomas Wolfe and knew by his late teens he wanted to be a writer. His own life offered strong material.

At age 13, his mother died, transforming him into a “hell raiser” with an unhealable wound of guilt. He served as a lieutenant in the Marines during World War II and in 1945 was stationed in Okinawa. He was to take part in the invasion of Japan and didn’t expect to come out alive.

The battle never took place; the United States dropped the atom bomb instead.

After the war, Styron graduated from Duke University and moved to New York, where he worked briefly as a copy editor at McGraw-Hill until the publisher fired him “for slovenly appearance, not wearing a hat, and reading the New York Post.”

With extra free time and financial help from his family, Styron was able to complete “Lie Down in Darkness,” detailing the destruction of a Southern family in a tempest of alcoholism, incestuous longing, madness and suicide. It is told in the third person – except for the final passage, a soliloquy by the daughter, Peyton Loftis, in the moments before she commits suicide by jumping out a window.

Styron was recalled to the Marines in 1951, just as “Lie Down in Darkness” was being published, and his second book – “The Long March” – drew on his experiences at Camp Lejeune, N.C. He took a lengthy tour of Europe after his discharge, offering moral and literary support for the founding of The Paris Review and meeting his wife, the poet Rosa Burgunder, with whom he had four children.

Through others’ eyes

After publishing the novel “Set This House on Fire,” in 1960, Styron turned to what had been a lifelong obsession: Nat Turner and the slave revolt of 1831. As a child, Styron lived near where the uprising had taken place and he never forgot a brief, harsh reference to Turner in his grade school history book.

In the early 1960s, “intensely aware that the theme of slave rebellion was finding echoes” in the growing Civil Rights movement, he worked on a fictional account of Turner, who Styron concluded was both hero and madman. “The Confessions of Nat Turner,” published in 1967, earned Styron the Pulitzer Prize.

Styron turned to the Holocaust for the novel “Sophie’s Choice,” which won the National Book Award and was later made into an Academy Award-winning movie starring Meryl Streep. Based partly on Styron’s years in New York, “Sophie’s Choice” is narrated by a young Southerner who meets a Polish-Catholic survivor of the war and learns of her sufferings in a Nazi concentration camp.

In 2002, the Auschwitz Jewish Center Foundation, an organization led by his friend and businessman Fred Schwartz, gave the author its third annual Witness to Justice Award.