Less common sources include typhoid fever, salmonellosis, cholera, infections caused by rotavirus and Norwalk-like viruses, and a variety of protozoan and helminthic parasites (other than those that cause giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis). Another route for infection is the fecal-oral route. Chlorinated tap water and good sanitation practices are not available in all countries.

Travelers in these countries should follow these tips for safe water consumption:

 Drink canned or bottled carbonated beverages.

 Drink beverages such as tea and coffee made with boiled water.

 Drink beer and wine.

 Avoid ice in drinks or other containers.

 Wipe the outside surfaces of wet cans or bottles dry before consuming.

 Avoid brushing teeth with contaminated water.

Travelers can treat water for safe consumption. Here are some tips:

 Boil water at a vigorous rolling boil for 1 minute, cool to room temperature. For altitudes above 6,500 feet, boil for 3 minutes or use chemical disinfection after the water is boiled 1 minute.

 Chemically disinfect water with iodine. This can be done with tincture of iodine and tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablets. Follow manufacturer’s directions for proper disinfection.

 Chlorine is another form of chemical disinfection. However, its effectiveness depends on the pH, temperature and organic content of the water.

 Portable filters give various degrees of disinfection. Some do not remove viruses, and some do not remove protozoa.

 The last resort is using tap water that is hot to the touch. This method should only be used if no other disinfection method is available. Food should be selected and consumed with care. Raw food is most susceptible to contamination. This is especially true in areas where hygiene and sanitation are poor.

Here are some tips for selecting safe food:

 Avoid salads, uncooked vegetables, unpeeled fruit and unpasteurized milk and milk products.

 Avoid cooked food that has been at room temperature.

 Avoid undercooked and raw meat, fish and shellfish.

 Avoid food and beverages sold from street vendors.

For more information, see the CDC Web site on traveler’s health, www.cdc.gov/travel/index.htm.

 Susan Krumm is an Extension agent in family and consumer sciences with K-State Research and Extension-Douglas County, 2110 Harper St. She can be reached at 843-7058.